Wires

On paper

17.95°

Measured

20.06–32.50° under load in seven brackets; 37.94–39.63° in one test, where the wire turned freely in some brackets

A levelling wire: it expresses almost no torque.

On paper

12.48°

Measured

20.43–40.75° across six brackets

On paper

9.82°

Measured

18° (systematic review); 12.83–21.11° in seven brackets; about 9.0° in a finite-element model

On paper

7.24° with sharp edges; about 10.5° allowing for real edge rounding

Measured

11.07–15.86° (three makers); 8.39–18.73° (seven brackets, Damon Q lowest); 13.80–28.68° (six brackets); 10.8–11.9° (three self-ligating designs)

Books quote 7.24°, 8°, 9.5°, 10° or 10.5° for this pair: the spread is method, not physics. The MBT maker states about 10° of torque loss. Play can double from one maker to another.

On paper

2.33°

Measured

6° (systematic review); 4.07–8.60° (three makers); 5.49–20.99° (six brackets)

Near full size. A textbook names 21×25 β-titanium the best .022 finishing wire for full torque; full-size steel is very stiff for torquing.

On paper

5.40° one way (10.80° both ways)

Measured

mean 18.5° (16.6–20.4°) in one study; 12.09–14.64° in two brackets (probably both ways)

A textbook's 'about 10°' matches the both-ways value. Getting 20 Nmm took 24.6–29.2° of twist.

On paper

2.32° one way (4.65° both ways)

Measured

4.84–6.54° in two brackets; 'about 6°' in a clinical paper

About the same size as the whole Roth–MBT incisor torque difference.

On paper

0° (fills the slot on paper)

Measured

4.6° (systematic review); 2.26–4.17° in two brackets

On paper

—

Measured

Torque starts at about 7.5° of twist with an active clip and 15° with a passive door; a review gives about 7.5° vs 14°

Lab findings. Another rig found the clip itself adds only about 1 Nmm; slot dimensions mattered more.

On paper

—

Measured

No difference below 12° of twist; beyond 24°, steel gave 1.5–2 times the torque of TMA and 2.5–3 times that of NiTi

One study found no steel–NiTi difference. Small rectangular NiTi gave under 5 Nmm and may never reach its working plateau within the play.

On paper

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Measured

All slots oversized in an 11-system test (one slot base +17%); +0.56% to +11.16% in another; wires −5.41% to +2.44% off nominal; effective torque loss 4.5–11.7° across five .022 systems

Nominal values in every table are upper bounds.

On paper

—

Measured

Loss of torque control up to 100% of the prescribed value (review of material sources)

Play, slot tolerance, wire stiffness, bracket error and ligation add up; this is why high-torque prescriptions exist.